SNAP and WIC Analysis
#df_foodinsec<-read.csv("/home/sanjmeet/food_environ_atlas_analysis/fea_04062017.csv")
# selecting state variables for SNAP
df_SNAP_statevar <- select(fea, FIPS, State, County, PCH_SNAP_09_14, SNAP_PART_RATE08, SNAP_PART_RATE10)
# selecting state variables for WIC
df_WIC_statevar <- select(fea, FIPS, State, County, PCH_WIC_09_14)
# Removing rows(aka counties) which have NA values, since we later want to group by States and be left with single row per state
df_SNAP_statevar <- df_SNAP_statevar[complete.cases(df_SNAP_statevar), ]
df_WIC_statevar <- df_WIC_statevar[complete.cases(df_WIC_statevar), ]
# Finally creating the SNAP and WIC state dataframe. Note, it doesn't matter what we summarize on, Mean/Median/Min/Max; all counties, within the state, have the same value
fea %>%
select(-region) %>%
group_by(State) %>%
summarise_all(mean) ->
state_data
## Warning in mean.default(c("02013", "02016", "02020", "02050", "02060",
## "02068", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("01001", "01003", "01005", "01007", "01009",
## "01011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("05001", "05003", "05005", "05007", "05009",
## "05011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("04001", "04003", "04005", "04007", "04009",
## "04011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("06001", "06003", "06005", "06007", "06009",
## "06011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("08001", "08003", "08005", "08007", "08009",
## "08011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("09001", "09003", "09005", "09007", "09009",
## "09011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default("11001"): argument is not numeric or logical:
## returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("10001", "10003", "10005")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("12001", "12003", "12005", "12007", "12009",
## "12011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("13001", "13003", "13005", "13007", "13009",
## "13011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("15001", "15003", "15005", "15007", "15009")):
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("19001", "19003", "19005", "19007", "19009",
## "19011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("16001", "16003", "16005", "16007", "16009",
## "16011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("17001", "17003", "17005", "17007", "17009",
## "17011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("18001", "18003", "18005", "18007", "18009",
## "18011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("20001", "20003", "20005", "20007", "20009",
## "20011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("21001", "21003", "21005", "21007", "21009",
## "21011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("22001", "22003", "22005", "22007", "22009",
## "22011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("25001", "25003", "25005", "25007", "25009",
## "25011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("24001", "24003", "24005", "24009", "24011",
## "24013", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("23001", "23003", "23005", "23007", "23009",
## "23011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("26001", "26003", "26005", "26007", "26009",
## "26011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("27001", "27003", "27005", "27007", "27009",
## "27011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("29001", "29003", "29005", "29007", "29009",
## "29011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("28001", "28003", "28005", "28007", "28009",
## "28011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("30001", "30003", "30005", "30007", "30009",
## "30011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("37001", "37003", "37005", "37007", "37009",
## "37011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("38001", "38003", "38005", "38007", "38009",
## "38011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("31001", "31003", "31005", "31007", "31009",
## "31011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("33001", "33003", "33005", "33007", "33009",
## "33011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("34001", "34003", "34005", "34007", "34009",
## "34011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("35001", "35003", "35005", "35006", "35007",
## "35009", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("32001", "32003", "32005", "32007", "32009",
## "32011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("36001", "36003", "36005", "36007", "36009",
## "36011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("39001", "39003", "39005", "39007", "39009",
## "39011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("40001", "40003", "40005", "40007", "40009",
## "40011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("41001", "41003", "41005", "41007", "41009",
## "41011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("42001", "42003", "42005", "42007", "42009",
## "42011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("44001", "44003", "44005", "44007", "44009")):
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("45001", "45003", "45005", "45007", "45009",
## "45011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("46003", "46005", "46007", "46009", "46011",
## "46013", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("47001", "47003", "47005", "47007", "47009",
## "47011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("48001", "48003", "48005", "48007", "48009",
## "48011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("49001", "49003", "49005", "49007", "49009",
## "49011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("51001", "51003", "51005", "51007", "51009",
## "51011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("50001", "50003", "50005", "50007", "50009",
## "50011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("53001", "53003", "53005", "53007", "53009",
## "53011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("55001", "55003", "55005", "55007", "55009",
## "55011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("54001", "54003", "54005", "54007", "54009",
## "54011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("56001", "56003", "56005", "56007", "56009",
## "56011", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT":
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default("DC"): argument is not numeric or logical:
## returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("DE", "DE", "DE")): argument is not numeric or
## logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("HI", "HI", "HI", "HI", "HI")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("RI", "RI", "RI", "RI", "RI")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aleutians East", "Aleutians West",
## "Anchorage", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Autauga", "Baldwin", "Barbour", "Bibb",
## "Blount", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Arkansas", "Ashley", "Baxter", "Benton",
## "Boone", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Apache", "Cochise", "Coconino", "Gila",
## "Graham", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alameda", "Alpine", "Amador", "Butte",
## "Calaveras", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alamosa", "Arapahoe", "Archuleta",
## "Baca", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Fairfield", "Hartford", "Litchfield",
## "Middlesex", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default("District of Columbia"): argument is not numeric or
## logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Kent", "New Castle", "Sussex")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alachua", "Baker", "Bay", "Bradford",
## "Brevard", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Appling", "Atkinson", "Bacon", "Baker",
## "Baldwin", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Hawaii", "Honolulu", "Kalawao", "Kauai", "Maui":
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Adams", "Allamakee", "Appanoose",
## "Audubon", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Ada", "Adams", "Bannock", "Bear Lake",
## "Benewah", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alexander", "Bond", "Boone", "Brown", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allen", "Bartholomew", "Benton",
## "Blackford", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Allen", "Anderson", "Atchison", "Barber",
## "Barton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Allen", "Anderson", "Ballard",
## "Barren", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Acadia", "Allen", "Ascension", "Assumption", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Barnstable", "Berkshire", "Bristol", "Dukes", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Allegany", "Anne Arundel", "Baltimore",
## "Calvert", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Androscoggin", "Aroostook", "Cumberland",
## "Franklin", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alcona", "Alger", "Allegan", "Alpena",
## "Antrim", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aitkin", "Anoka", "Becker", "Beltrami",
## "Benton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Andrew", "Atchison", "Audrain",
## "Barry", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alcorn", "Amite", "Attala", "Benton", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Beaverhead", "Big Horn", "Blaine",
## "Broadwater", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alamance", "Alexander", "Alleghany", "Anson", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Barnes", "Benson", "Billings",
## "Bottineau", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Antelope", "Arthur", "Banner",
## "Blaine", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Belknap", "Carroll", "Cheshire", "Coos",
## "Grafton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Atlantic", "Bergen", "Burlington", "Camden", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Bernalillo", "Catron", "Chaves", "Cibola",
## "Colfax", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Churchill", "Clark", "Douglas", "Elko",
## "Esmeralda", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Albany", "Allegany", "Bronx", "Broome",
## "Cattaraugus", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allen", "Ashland", "Ashtabula",
## "Athens", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Alfalfa", "Atoka", "Beaver",
## "Beckham", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Baker", "Benton", "Clackamas", "Clatsop",
## "Columbia", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allegheny", "Armstrong", "Beaver",
## "Bedford", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Bristol", "Kent", "Newport", "Providence",
## "Washington": argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Abbeville", "Aiken", "Allendale", "Anderson", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aurora", "Beadle", "Bennett", "Bon Homme",
## "Brookings", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Anderson", "Bedford", "Benton", "Bledsoe",
## "Blount", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Anderson", "Andrews", "Angelina", "Aransas", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Beaver", "Box Elder", "Cache", "Carbon",
## "Daggett", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Accomack", "Albemarle", "Alleghany", "Amelia", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Addison", "Bennington", "Caledonia",
## "Chittenden", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Asotin", "Benton", "Chelan",
## "Clallam", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Ashland", "Barron", "Bayfield",
## "Brown", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Barbour", "Berkeley", "Boone", "Braxton",
## "Brooke", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Albany", "Big Horn", "Campbell", "Carbon",
## "Converse", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", "AK", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", "AL", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", "AR", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", "AZ", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", "CA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", "CO", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT", "CT":
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default("DC"): argument is not numeric or logical:
## returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("DE", "DE", "DE")): argument is not numeric or
## logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", "FL", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", "GA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("HI", "HI", "HI", "HI", "HI")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", "IA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", "ID", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", "IL", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", "IN", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", "KS", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", "KY", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", "LA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", "MA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", "MD", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", "ME", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", "MI", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", "MN", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", "MO", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", "MS", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", "MT", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", "NC", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", "ND", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", "NE", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", "NH", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", "NJ", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", "NM", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", "NV", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", "NY", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", "OH", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", "OK", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", "OR", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", "PA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("RI", "RI", "RI", "RI", "RI")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", "SC", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", "SD", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", "TN", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", "TX", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", "UT", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", "VA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", "VT", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", "WA", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", "WI", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", "WV", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", "WY", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aleutians East", "Aleutians West",
## "Anchorage", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Autauga", "Baldwin", "Barbour", "Bibb",
## "Blount", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Arkansas", "Ashley", "Baxter", "Benton",
## "Boone", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Apache", "Cochise", "Coconino", "Gila",
## "Graham", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alameda", "Alpine", "Amador", "Butte",
## "Calaveras", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alamosa", "Arapahoe", "Archuleta",
## "Baca", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Fairfield", "Hartford", "Litchfield",
## "Middlesex", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default("District of Columbia"): argument is not numeric or
## logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Kent", "New Castle", "Sussex")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alachua", "Baker", "Bay", "Bradford",
## "Brevard", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Appling", "Atkinson", "Bacon", "Baker",
## "Baldwin", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Hawaii", "Honolulu", "Kalawao", "Kauai", "Maui":
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Adams", "Allamakee", "Appanoose",
## "Audubon", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Ada", "Adams", "Bannock", "Bear Lake",
## "Benewah", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alexander", "Bond", "Boone", "Brown", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allen", "Bartholomew", "Benton",
## "Blackford", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Allen", "Anderson", "Atchison", "Barber",
## "Barton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Allen", "Anderson", "Ballard",
## "Barren", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Acadia", "Allen", "Ascension", "Assumption", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Barnstable", "Berkshire", "Bristol", "Dukes", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Allegany", "Anne Arundel", "Baltimore",
## "Calvert", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Androscoggin", "Aroostook", "Cumberland",
## "Franklin", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alcona", "Alger", "Allegan", "Alpena",
## "Antrim", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aitkin", "Anoka", "Becker", "Beltrami",
## "Benton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Andrew", "Atchison", "Audrain",
## "Barry", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alcorn", "Amite", "Attala", "Benton", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Beaverhead", "Big Horn", "Blaine",
## "Broadwater", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alamance", "Alexander", "Alleghany", "Anson", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Barnes", "Benson", "Billings",
## "Bottineau", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Antelope", "Arthur", "Banner",
## "Blaine", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Belknap", "Carroll", "Cheshire", "Coos",
## "Grafton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Atlantic", "Bergen", "Burlington", "Camden", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Bernalillo", "Catron", "Chaves", "Cibola",
## "Colfax", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Churchill", "Clark", "Douglas", "Elko",
## "Esmeralda", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Albany", "Allegany", "Bronx", "Broome",
## "Cattaraugus", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allen", "Ashland", "Ashtabula",
## "Athens", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Alfalfa", "Atoka", "Beaver",
## "Beckham", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Baker", "Benton", "Clackamas", "Clatsop",
## "Columbia", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allegheny", "Armstrong", "Beaver",
## "Bedford", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Bristol", "Kent", "Newport", "Providence",
## "Washington": argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Abbeville", "Aiken", "Allendale", "Anderson", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aurora", "Beadle", "Bennett", "Bon Homme",
## "Brookings", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Anderson", "Bedford", "Benton", "Bledsoe",
## "Blount", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Anderson", "Andrews", "Angelina", "Aransas", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Beaver", "Box Elder", "Cache", "Carbon",
## "Daggett", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Accomack", "Albemarle", "Alleghany", "Amelia", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Addison", "Bennington", "Caledonia",
## "Chittenden", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Asotin", "Benton", "Chelan",
## "Clallam", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Ashland", "Barron", "Bayfield",
## "Brown", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Barbour", "Berkeley", "Boone", "Braxton",
## "Brooke", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Albany", "Big Horn", "Campbell", "Carbon",
## "Converse", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aleutians East", "Aleutians West",
## "Anchorage", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Autauga", "Baldwin", "Barbour", "Bibb",
## "Blount", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Arkansas", "Ashley", "Baxter", "Benton",
## "Boone", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Apache", "Cochise", "Coconino", "Gila",
## "Graham", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alameda", "Alpine", "Amador", "Butte",
## "Calaveras", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alamosa", "Arapahoe", "Archuleta",
## "Baca", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Fairfield", "Hartford", "Litchfield",
## "Middlesex", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default("District of Columbia"): argument is not numeric or
## logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Kent", "New Castle", "Sussex")): argument is not
## numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alachua", "Baker", "Bay", "Bradford",
## "Brevard", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Appling", "Atkinson", "Bacon", "Baker",
## "Baldwin", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Hawaii", "Honolulu", "Kalawao", "Kauai", "Maui":
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Adams", "Allamakee", "Appanoose",
## "Audubon", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Ada", "Adams", "Bannock", "Bear Lake",
## "Benewah", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alexander", "Bond", "Boone", "Brown", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allen", "Bartholomew", "Benton",
## "Blackford", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Allen", "Anderson", "Atchison", "Barber",
## "Barton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Allen", "Anderson", "Ballard",
## "Barren", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Acadia", "Allen", "Ascension", "Assumption", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Barnstable", "Berkshire", "Bristol", "Dukes", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Allegany", "Anne Arundel", "Baltimore",
## "Calvert", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Androscoggin", "Aroostook", "Cumberland",
## "Franklin", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alcona", "Alger", "Allegan", "Alpena",
## "Antrim", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aitkin", "Anoka", "Becker", "Beltrami",
## "Benton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Andrew", "Atchison", "Audrain",
## "Barry", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Alcorn", "Amite", "Attala", "Benton", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Beaverhead", "Big Horn", "Blaine",
## "Broadwater", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Alamance", "Alexander", "Alleghany", "Anson", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Barnes", "Benson", "Billings",
## "Bottineau", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Antelope", "Arthur", "Banner",
## "Blaine", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Belknap", "Carroll", "Cheshire", "Coos",
## "Grafton", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Atlantic", "Bergen", "Burlington", "Camden", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Bernalillo", "Catron", "Chaves", "Cibola",
## "Colfax", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Churchill", "Clark", "Douglas", "Elko",
## "Esmeralda", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Albany", "Allegany", "Bronx", "Broome",
## "Cattaraugus", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allen", "Ashland", "Ashtabula",
## "Athens", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adair", "Alfalfa", "Atoka", "Beaver",
## "Beckham", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Baker", "Benton", "Clackamas", "Clatsop",
## "Columbia", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Allegheny", "Armstrong", "Beaver",
## "Bedford", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Bristol", "Kent", "Newport", "Providence",
## "Washington": argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Abbeville", "Aiken", "Allendale", "Anderson", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Aurora", "Beadle", "Bennett", "Bon Homme",
## "Brookings", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Anderson", "Bedford", "Benton", "Bledsoe",
## "Blount", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Anderson", "Andrews", "Angelina", "Aransas", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Beaver", "Box Elder", "Cache", "Carbon",
## "Daggett", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Accomack", "Albemarle", "Alleghany", "Amelia", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Addison", "Bennington", "Caledonia",
## "Chittenden", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Asotin", "Benton", "Chelan",
## "Clallam", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Adams", "Ashland", "Barron", "Bayfield",
## "Brown", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Barbour", "Berkeley", "Boone", "Braxton",
## "Brooke", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("Albany", "Big Horn", "Campbell", "Carbon",
## "Converse", : argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default("1.000000"): argument is not numeric or logical:
## returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000")): argument is
## not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "1.000000", "1.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "1.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "1.000000", "1.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("1.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", "0.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
## Warning in mean.default(c("0.000000", "0.000000", "0.000000", "1.000000", :
## argument is not numeric or logical: returning NA
df_SNAP_statevar %>%
group_by(State) %>%
summarise_all(min) ->
df_SNAP_state
df_WIC_statevar %>%
group_by(State) %>%
summarise_all(min) ->
df_WIC_state
g1 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_state, aes(x = State, y = df_SNAP_state$PCH_SNAP_09_14 / 100)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", color = "black", fill = "lightblue") +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
coord_flip() +
ylab("Change") +
xlab("State") +
ggtitle("Percent change in SNAP participation from 2009 to 2014")
g2 <- ggplot(df_WIC_state, aes(x = State, y = df_WIC_state$PCH_WIC_09_14 / 100)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", color = "black", fill = "lightpink") +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
coord_flip() +
ylab("Change") +
xlab("State") +
ggtitle("Percent change in WIC participation from 2009 to 2014")
grid.arrange(g1, g2, ncol = 2)

##### Dodge columns: plot both SNAP and WIC per state, and sort by SNAP number
As mentioned by numerous reports, both by the USDA and the general media, SNAP popularity/participation increased from 2009-2014. Nevada was the only state for which this wasn’t true.
On the other hand, WIC participation decreased across all states, except in New York and Minnesota.
This can mainly be attributed to the following reasons:
SNAP, unlike WIC, provides dollar amount that is easier to spend and manage than coupons.
SNAP registration process is easier and does not require a certificate of approval from a physician. WIC registration,on the other hand, is longer and more rigorous.
SNAP applies to all members of a family, while WIC applies to Women, Infants and Children.
A decrease in the overall birth rate across all states.
# Lets dive deeper into the previous findings by taking a closer look at the SNAP and WIC redemptions in authorized stores in 2008 and 2012. We will look at the data of five states with high food insecurity and five states with low food insecurity here.
# Four Target States with highest food insecurity[according to USDA 2013-2014]: Mississippi,Arkansas, Texas, Alabama
# Four Target states with lowest food insecurity[according to USDA 2013-2014]: North Dakota,Minnesota, Wisconsin, Massachusetts
#selecting county level variables for SNAP
df_SNAP_countyvar <- select(fea, FIPS, State, County, SNAPSPTH08, SNAPSPTH12, PCH_SNAPSPTH_08_12, REDEMP_SNAPS08, REDEMP_SNAPS12, PCH_REDEMP_SNAPS_08_12, PC_SNAPBEN08, PC_SNAPBEN10, PCH_PC_SNAPBEN_08_10)
#Selecting county level variables for WIC
df_WIC_countyvar <- select(fea, FIPS, State, County, PC_WIC_REDEMP08, PC_WIC_REDEMP12, REDEMP_WICS08, REDEMP_WICS12)
#removing counties for which SNAP information is not available
df_SNAP_countyvar <- df_SNAP_countyvar[complete.cases(df_SNAP_countyvar), ]
#removing counties for which WIC information is not available
df_WIC_countyvar <- df_WIC_countyvar[complete.cases(df_WIC_countyvar), ]
# keeping counties for only target states
df_SNAP_targetcounty <- filter(df_SNAP_countyvar, State %in% c(high_insecurity_states, low_insecurity_states))
df_WIC_targetcounty <- filter(df_WIC_countyvar, State %in% c(high_insecurity_states, low_insecurity_states))
#Adding new columns to contain redemption values in 1k scale
df_SNAP_targetcounty <- df_SNAP_targetcounty %>%
mutate(Redemp08_1K = REDEMP_SNAPS08 / 1000.00, Redemp12_1K = REDEMP_SNAPS12 / 1000.00)
df_WIC_targetcounty <- df_WIC_targetcounty %>%
mutate(Redemp08_1K = REDEMP_WICS08 / 1000.00, Redemp12_1K = REDEMP_WICS12 / 1000.00)
g1 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +Redemp08_1K), y = df_SNAP_targetcounty$Redemp08_1K)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = "azure") +
xlab("State") +
ylab("Average Redemption (in $1k)") +
ggtitle("Average Monthly SNAP Redemptions in Authorized Stores in 2008") +
ylim(0, 600) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::dollar) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_targetcounty$Redemp08_1K, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 4.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 4.5, xmax = 8.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
theme_bw()
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
g3 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +Redemp12_1K), y = df_SNAP_targetcounty$Redemp12_1K)) +
geom_boxplot() +
xlab("State") +
ylab("Average redemption(in $1k)") +
ggtitle("Average Monthly SNAP Redemptions in Authorized Stores in 2012") +
ylim(0, 600) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::dollar) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_targetcounty$Redemp12_1K, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 2.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 2.5, xmax = 3.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 3.5, xmax = 5.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 5.5, xmax = 8.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
theme_bw()
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
g2 <- ggplot(df_WIC_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +Redemp08_1K), y = df_WIC_targetcounty$Redemp08_1K)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = "#c2a5cf") +
xlab("State") +
ylab("Average Redemption (in $1k)") +
ggtitle("Average Monthly WIC Redemptions in Authorized Stores in 2008") +
ylim(0, 600) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::dollar) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_WIC_targetcounty$Redemp08_1K, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 4.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 4.5, xmax = 7.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
theme_bw()
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
g4 <- ggplot(df_WIC_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +Redemp12_1K), y = df_WIC_targetcounty$Redemp12_1K)) +
geom_boxplot() +
xlab("State") +
ylab("Average Redemption (in $1k)") +
ggtitle("Average Monthly WIC Redemptions in Authorized Stores in 2012") +
ylim(0, 600) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::dollar) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_WIC_targetcounty$Redemp12_1K, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 4.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 4.5, xmax = 7.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
geom_boxplot(fill = "ghostwhite") +
theme_bw()
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
grid.arrange(g1, g2, g3, g4, ncol = 2)

##### Make sure all y-axes are 0 - 600
##### Does the comparison make sense?
Key observations:
- Average monthly SNAP redemptions increased in across all states from 2008 to 2012. The US median also increased.
- No clear pattern for WIC redemptions. The Us median stayed the same. The states either see a decline or remain the same. Unlike SNAP, none of the states see an increase.
- Both in 2008 and 2012, the US median for average monthly SNAP redemptions was significantly higher than the average monthly WIC redemptions.
- Also, as should be the case, the average redemptions were higher in states with higher food insecurity.
Since SNAP seems to be the popular choice of food assistance program, we decided to explore some of the other state and county variables associated with it.
We earlier saw how SNAP participation increased, across all US states (except Nevada) from 2008 to 2012. We now look at SNAP participation as a percentage of eligible participants in the year 2008 and 2012. This shall give us a more concrete proof of whether the participation actually increased or not.
# 2008
g1 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_state, aes(x = State, y = df_SNAP_state$SNAP_PART_RATE08 / 100)) +
geom_point() +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
coord_flip() +
ylab("SNAP participants (% eligible pop)") +
xlab("State") +
ggtitle("SNAP participation as a % of eligible participants in 2008, with US median") +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_state$SNAP_PART_RATE08 / 100, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash')
# 2010
g2 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_state, aes(x = State, y = df_SNAP_state$SNAP_PART_RATE10 / 100)) +
geom_point() +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
coord_flip() +
ylab("SNAP participants (% eligible pop)") +
xlab("State") +
ggtitle("SNAP participation as a % of eligible population in 2010, with US median") +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_state$SNAP_PART_RATE10 / 100, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash')
grid.arrange(g1, g2, ncol = 1)

##### Use Cleveland dot plot style from above, coloring by year; 2 lines (labeled, with color); reorder
Key observations:
- The median SNAP participation as a percentage of eligible populations increased from 2008 to 2012.
- Even for Nevada, the participation as a percentage of eligible population increased from 2008 to 2012.
Next, we look at SNAP authorized stores per 1000 people at county level for our five food secure and five food insecure states.
# County Level Exploration
# Boxplot for SNAP authorized stores/1000 population in 2008 across counties of these 9 states
g1 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +SNAPSPTH08), y = SNAPSPTH08)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = "#a6dba0") +
xlab("State") +
ylab("Stores to Population Ratio") +
ggtitle("SNAP Authorized Stores per 1000 people in 2008") +
ylim(0, 3) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_targetcounty$SNAPSPTH08, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 3.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 3.5, xmax = 4.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 4.5, xmax = 5.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 5.5, xmax = 8.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
theme_bw()
#Boxplot for SNAP authorised stores/1000 population in 2012 across counties of these 9 states
g2 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +SNAPSPTH12), y = SNAPSPTH12)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = "#dcf1da") +
xlab("State") +
ggtitle("SNAP Authorized Stores per 1000 people in 2012") +
ylim(0,3) +
theme(axis.title.y = element_blank()) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_targetcounty$SNAPSPTH12, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 3.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 3.5, xmax = 4.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 4.5, xmax = 5.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 5.5, xmax = 8.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
theme_bw()
grid.arrange(g1, g2, ncol = 2)

Observe how the number of stores/1000 people is higher in states with higher food insecurity.
Notice how the number of stores/1000 population increased nearly everywhere and, consequently, the US median. This is something that would have been expected given recession and incoming of the Obama government.
For the recession period from 2008-2013, the US government had announced that the SNAP benefit amount had been increased , in all states, to help combat food insecurity due to unemployment. Let’s see if the data can confirm this fact. We look at the SNAP Benefits per capita variable for our chosen 10 states.
# Lastly we look at SNAP benefits per capita
g1 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +PC_SNAPBEN08), y = PC_SNAPBEN08)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue") +
xlab("State") +
ylab("Avg benefits per capita") +
ggtitle("Average Monthly SNAP Benefits per capita in 2008") +
ylim(0, 60) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::dollar) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_targetcounty$PC_SNAPBEN08, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 4.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 4.5, xmax = 8.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
theme_bw()
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
g2 <- ggplot(df_SNAP_targetcounty, aes(x = reorder(State, +PC_SNAPBEN10), y = PC_SNAPBEN10)) +
geom_boxplot(fill = "lightblue") +
xlab("State") +
ylab("Average monthly SNAP benefits per capita") +
ggtitle("Average Monthly SNAP Benefits per capita in 2010") +
ylim(0, 60) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::dollar) +
geom_hline(yintercept = median(df_SNAP_targetcounty$PC_SNAPBEN10, na.rm = TRUE), linetype = 'longdash') +
annotate('rect', xmin = 0.5, xmax = 4.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.2, fill = "cyan3") +
annotate('rect', xmin = 4.5, xmax = 8.5, ymin = -Inf, ymax = Inf, alpha = 0.1, fill = "red") +
theme_bw()
## Scale for 'y' is already present. Adding another scale for 'y', which
## will replace the existing scale.
grid.arrange(g1, g2, ncol = 2)

It is true, the SNAP benefit amount was increased across all states from 2008-2012.
The states with higher food insecurity seem to have much a higher SNAP benefits per capita amount vs the states with lower food insecurity.
In the previous graph we saw how SNAP benefits per capita increased across all states from 2008 to 2012. Although this was reassuring, we wanted to see at how uniform this increase was across all the counties of a highly food insecure state. We chose to look at the counties of Mississipi.
df_benefits_perchange <- select(df_SNAP_targetcounty, FIPS, State, County, PCH_PC_SNAPBEN_08_10)
df_MSbenperchange <- filter(df_benefits_perchange, State == "MS")
df_MSbenperchange <- df_MSbenperchange %>% mutate(Year = 2010)
colnames(df_MSbenperchange)[4] <- "Percentage_Change"
ggplot(df_MSbenperchange, aes(Year, County, fill = Percentage_Change)) +
geom_tile() +
scale_fill_viridis() +
ggtitle("Percent Change in SNAP Benefits per capita in the counties of Mississipi") +
ylab("Country") +
xlab("2008-2010") +
theme(axis.text.x = element_blank(), axis.ticks.x = element_blank())

As can be seen from the Heat Map above, the increase in SNAP benefit amount was not at all uniform. There were significant number of states which saw less than a 60% increase in the benefit amount. Mississipi being the highest food insecure state, we had expected to see more counties with a higher increase in the SNAP benefit amount.